Sociological Areas Of Criminology Sociology Essay

Sociological Areas Of Criminology Sociology Essay Before discussing the social areas of crime. We have to understand what crime is? if any body breaks the criminal laws it may be defined as crime. (sociology making..,2009,page- 556) In sociological aspect of crime sociologists believe that crime cannot be properly understood without examining the surrounding social, political and economical context (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-sociological-criminology.htm). The sociological areas of studying crime is really massive. Sometimes the criminals may be caught and sometimes they may not. Some criminals use to advertise themselves and some keep silence. The numbers of crime is always high than the numbers shown. Sociological study of crime is basically the case study of those criminals who breaks the rules of society and not advertise themselves because ht behaviour is always much problematic and painful. The study of crime is always tough because the researchers need to find the subject. In sociological approach the study depends on th e way which highlights that how anyone does crime. What social conditions compailed the person to do a crime and be a criminal. Sociological criminology seeks to explain crime`s relationship to social and environmental change. Another area of social criminology is based on marxism theory. It highlights that crime is ultimately the result of conflict between different social classes. This theory believes that basically laws are made by the group that is in power, to control people who are not in power. This is conflict theory of crime or critical criminology. Another sociological areas of criminology is social process criminology which explain that how people criminals. In this study basic focus is on criminal behaviour as learned behaviour. So, we can say that in sociological areas of criminology we emphasis on social situations responsible for crime. (sociology making..,2009,page- 557) Sociological areas of family Family is the strongest bond of society. It is the main institution of society which is found within the households. Family always changes across time and place and its a social construction. (mckie et al,2005,page- 445) In sociology areas of family we study the various theoretical approaches to the family. Some sociological approaches of families are functionalist, feminist and new rights perspective. The functionalist theory of family is based on socialization. It emphasis that the family socialise its members and this socialisation is beneficial for both family and the society. Feminist approach is the study based on the position of a men within a patriarchal society. The new sight perspective is the study that how family teaches its members that what is wrong and what is right. Another sociological areas of family is the study of decline in family. This area is based on the study of social problems related with family. This study is mostly based on western society. First part of this area is based on family violence. Family is a good and peaceful place but according to this study family can be a dangerous place to be. This problem is mostly caused in nuclear family. Domestic violence is another s ocial problem of family. Physical force applied on women and children caused by aggressiveness is the part of domestic violence. In simple words we can say that the sociological area of family describes both benefits and problems of the society caused by the family. Sociological areas of media Present age is the age of media. Media is unseparated part of today`s life. Most of the information we gathered from the media. In one hand media educates us and in other it is the real source of connecting people. Many types of media is present in today`s society like television, radio, newspaper, internet, etc. We can say that without media we cannot imagine the normal life. It is the accepted part of life. We spend our maximum part of time and money for using media. In (1998, brigs and cobley) extend his views to assert that as we more into the new millenmium the media are increasingly a central part of our lives, our cultures and global economics. (sociology making..,2009,page- 685) Because of this mass effect media has vast sociological area. It shows a very effective role in society different writers analayse and identified the different aspects of media in society. (Mcquail ,1994) drawed a red sketch on media`s social areas. As (mcquail ,1994) described some important social areas of media is as follows:- Information: à ¢-  Media circulates the information about different conditions and events of world and society. à ¢-  It indicates the relation of power. à ¢-  Media facilitate the innovations, adaptions and progress. Correlation: à ¢-  Media explains, interprets and comments on the meaning of events and information. à ¢-  Media provides support to established authority and norms. à ¢-  Media does consensus building. à ¢-  Media sets orders of priorities and signalling relative status. Continuity: à ¢-  Media expresses the dominant culture and recorganises subcultures and new cultural developments. à ¢-  It forges and maintaines common values. Entertainment: à ¢-  Media provides amusement, diversion and means of relaxation. à ¢-  Media reduces social tension by the resource of entertainment. Mobilization: à ¢-  Media campaigning for societal objectives in the sphere of polities, war, economic development, work and sometimes religion. (Mcquail, 1994:79), (sociology making, 2009, page-712) In conclusion we can say that media has the power to change the attitudes and behaviour of society. Media is an important factor of socialization. Media influences on the individual, the group, the institution or culture in general. Moral panics In the words of (stanlay cohen, 1987) moral panic is a condition, episode, person or group of persons became defined as a threat to societal values and interests. (http://en.citizendium.org/moralpanic) As (stanly cohen, 1987) described in his book (Folk devils and moral panics) some moral panics of society are:- à ¢-  Young, working- class, violent males, youth culture and juvenile delinquency. à ¢-  School violence. à ¢-  Bad drugs, wrong drugs used by wrong people at wrong times. à ¢-  Child abuse, sexual and satanic. à ¢-  Sex, violence and blaming media. à ¢-  Welfare cheats and single mothers. à ¢-  Pornography. à ¢-  Refuges and asylum seekers. (http://en.citizendium.org/moralpanic) The idea of moral panic was originally developed to explain the demonization of young people as a social problem and the scapegoating of certain subcultural groups in particular. (sociology making..,2009,page- 735) Jock young used firstly the term moral panic to describe the impact upon public anxiety of creation of `drug squads` in 1960s. Then this concept borrowed by (Stan cohen, 1972) in his classic study of mods and rockers and their treatment by the media and the police in the early 1960s. Stanley cohen, 1972 showed in his work that how media intervention gave from to different subcultural groups and represented them as threatening `folk devil`. In nineteenth century the famous sociologist (person, 1983) used the idea of moral panic to explore the fears generated by the emergence of urban gangs. As (person, 1983) conclude cited in (Toynbee,1983) that every era has its young gangs that catch the terrified imagination of the respectable. Every era also has its myth about a previou s golden age of traditional values, a time when it was safer to walk the streets. Intervention of media gives youth subcultures national exposure and degree of uniformity and definition. (sociology making, 2009, page-734-735)

frank sinatra Essay -- essays research papers

Immortality is defined as eternal life. Frank Sinatra is one who will live forever. His music, his movies, his attitude, his eyes, whatever it is you remember him for, all the same, he IS greatness. Few people come along in the course of life that can be labeled great, Frankie is the symbol of greatness. Tens of millions of recordings, nine Grammys and two Academy Awards, over 60 films, worldwide tours, television specials, hundreds of millions of dollars raised for charities. Sinatra passed the tests of time with grades better than though could be achieved, this is his story†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sinatra was born Dec. 12, 1915, the only child of working-class Italian-American immigrants, in a tenement at 415 Monroe St. in Hoboken. His father, Anthony, was a boxer/fireman in Hoboken. His mother, Natalie "Dolly" Sinatra, worked as a barmaid who loved to sing at family gatherings. Music always filled the Sinatra home. In high school, he saw his hero, Bing Crosby, perform live. This was all the inspiration Sinatra needed to set his goal as becoming a professional singer. Sinatra, while working jobs at The Jersey Observer, sang with a neighborhood vocal group, the Hoboken Four, He also appeared in neighborhood theater amateur shows, where first prize was usually $10 or a set of dishes. His first professional gig was at the Rustic Cabin roadhouse in Englewood Cliffs, where Sinatra sang, told jokes and emceed when he wasn't waiting tables. At the request of his mother Frank enrolled in Hoboken's Stevens Institute of Technology , but he soon dropped out after 1 ½ semesters. In 1939 he was offered his first professional singing contract as the lead vocalist in Harry James' new band. When Sinatra started performing with the "Big Bands" he acquired a fierce following of young fans, which enabled him to later branch out as a solo artist. It was at this time that Sinatra's career soared. Sinatra was signed to a recording contract as a soloist by Columbia Recording Corporation. Sinatra had developed a highly innovative style of singing and finally could make decisions on how the band should play or how a song should be sung. If he wanted something changed, it was changed. A talent agency marketing Sinatra advertised him as: "The Voice That Thrilled Millions." This was later changed to "The Voice." This would be on of his many labels for life. Havi... ... himself. "He was modern, he was complex, he had swing and attitude. He was the big bang of pop...the man invented pop music." To call a person the best, or the greatest is a opinionated, unfair, assumption. Frank Sinatra is the exception to that statement. No other entertainer of this century can even hold a candle to the imprint that Frank Sinatra has left on society. He was the nice dressed, heavy drinking, romancer, who's voice touched the hears of millions. Never again will a single person come along on this earth that will dominate the world of music movies, radio, and set the standards of the modern culture. The world is just a giant school and Frank is the most popular kid in class. On May 15th, 1998, the world lost the body of Frank Sinatra, but not the presence of him. Frank Sinatra will live in the hearts of fans as long as there is a sun in the sky. Each day the earth spins a new Sinatra fan is born. "One of Sinatra's favorite toasts to make with a glass in hand was, 'May you live to be 100 and may the last voice you hear be mine,'" recalled crooner Tony Bennett, a longtime friend. "The master is gone but his voice will live forever." frank sinatra Essay -- essays research papers Immortality is defined as eternal life. Frank Sinatra is one who will live forever. His music, his movies, his attitude, his eyes, whatever it is you remember him for, all the same, he IS greatness. Few people come along in the course of life that can be labeled great, Frankie is the symbol of greatness. Tens of millions of recordings, nine Grammys and two Academy Awards, over 60 films, worldwide tours, television specials, hundreds of millions of dollars raised for charities. Sinatra passed the tests of time with grades better than though could be achieved, this is his story†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sinatra was born Dec. 12, 1915, the only child of working-class Italian-American immigrants, in a tenement at 415 Monroe St. in Hoboken. His father, Anthony, was a boxer/fireman in Hoboken. His mother, Natalie "Dolly" Sinatra, worked as a barmaid who loved to sing at family gatherings. Music always filled the Sinatra home. In high school, he saw his hero, Bing Crosby, perform live. This was all the inspiration Sinatra needed to set his goal as becoming a professional singer. Sinatra, while working jobs at The Jersey Observer, sang with a neighborhood vocal group, the Hoboken Four, He also appeared in neighborhood theater amateur shows, where first prize was usually $10 or a set of dishes. His first professional gig was at the Rustic Cabin roadhouse in Englewood Cliffs, where Sinatra sang, told jokes and emceed when he wasn't waiting tables. At the request of his mother Frank enrolled in Hoboken's Stevens Institute of Technology , but he soon dropped out after 1 ½ semesters. In 1939 he was offered his first professional singing contract as the lead vocalist in Harry James' new band. When Sinatra started performing with the "Big Bands" he acquired a fierce following of young fans, which enabled him to later branch out as a solo artist. It was at this time that Sinatra's career soared. Sinatra was signed to a recording contract as a soloist by Columbia Recording Corporation. Sinatra had developed a highly innovative style of singing and finally could make decisions on how the band should play or how a song should be sung. If he wanted something changed, it was changed. A talent agency marketing Sinatra advertised him as: "The Voice That Thrilled Millions." This was later changed to "The Voice." This would be on of his many labels for life. Havi... ... himself. "He was modern, he was complex, he had swing and attitude. He was the big bang of pop...the man invented pop music." To call a person the best, or the greatest is a opinionated, unfair, assumption. Frank Sinatra is the exception to that statement. No other entertainer of this century can even hold a candle to the imprint that Frank Sinatra has left on society. He was the nice dressed, heavy drinking, romancer, who's voice touched the hears of millions. Never again will a single person come along on this earth that will dominate the world of music movies, radio, and set the standards of the modern culture. The world is just a giant school and Frank is the most popular kid in class. On May 15th, 1998, the world lost the body of Frank Sinatra, but not the presence of him. Frank Sinatra will live in the hearts of fans as long as there is a sun in the sky. Each day the earth spins a new Sinatra fan is born. "One of Sinatra's favorite toasts to make with a glass in hand was, 'May you live to be 100 and may the last voice you hear be mine,'" recalled crooner Tony Bennett, a longtime friend. "The master is gone but his voice will live forever."

Neurosurgery

Surgeons, one of the many Jobs that utilize chemistry skills in order to succeed in the field is a field of science that I am most interested in and I believe that taking AP Chemistry will only strengthen the skills I need in order to become a surgeon. The type of surgery that most interests me would be the surgery relating to the brain/ spinal cord named neurosurgery.Within the field of surgery, neurosurgery, which Is a branch of surgery that specializes In brain surgery/spinal cord surgery, Is relatively nouns and It has evolved Into an Independent surgical specialty only during the past century, developing from general surgery (Columbia Neurosurgeons). They are the highest paid of all surgeons, with Incomes that can reach as high as $800,000 annually.Average annual compensation: $765,321 according to the 201 3 MAGMA survey of 201 2 Income (Santiago). Also the Job outlook for surgeons Is 18%, which Is faster than average which Is a perk of becoming a surgeon as the demand for surge ons is growing at an exponential rate (Bureau of Labor Statistics). I also want to become a neurosurgeon because since the brain is the most unknown organ of the body, in fact it is believed that humans only use 10-25% of their brain (MS).In conclusion, the main reason I signed up for AP Chemistry is that medicine is an excellent career choice and careers in this area are often high paying, and there is a shortage (and a forecasted shortage) of candidates for these jobs. Works Cited Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition, Physicians and Surgeons, n. . Web. 26 June 2014. . Santiago, Andrea. â€Å"Surgeon Career Profile – Overview of Surgeons' Careers and Surgery Jobs. † About. Com Health Careers. About. Com, n. D.Web. 26 June 2014.. Columbia Neurosurgeons. Healthiness, n. D. Web. 26 June 2014.. Smelling, Robert. â€Å"How Much of the Brain Do We Really Use? † MS Healthy Long. Microsoft, n. D. Web. 26 June 2014.. Spinal cord named neurosurgery. Within the field of surgery, neurosurgery, which is a branch of surgery that specializes in brain surgery/spinal cord surgery, is relatively nouns and it has evolved into an independent surgical specialty only during the past highest paid of all surgeons, with incomes that can reach as high as annually.Average annual compensation: $765,321 according to the 2013 MAGMA survey of 2012 income (Santiago). Also the Job outlook for surgeons is 18%, which is faster than average which is a perk of becoming a surgeon as the is a shortage (and a forecasted shortage) of candidates for these Jobs. Works Cited Shimmering, Robert. â€Å"How Much of the Brain Do We Really Use? † MS Healthy Living.

Making a Difference with Payroll Accounting 2019

Payroll accounting is probably the most notable job at any office. This department keeps a record of wages that is paid to the employees. The wages are of two types, one, what the employee earns from an organization and second, real wages i.e. the actual monetary amount the employee is paid. One another vital function of the payroll accounting department is planning the benefit package of an organization. Most individuals do not understand the advantages of benefit package. The benefit package plays a great role in the acceptance of job by a person. The benefit package includes benefits such as vacation, medical reimbursement, pension benefits etc. A pension benefits are quite common for a majority of employers. The pension plan is based on distinct statistics of every employee. The more a person has worked for the organization, the more benefits he/she will receive. The pension benefits are made compulsory by the Federal Law. That is why; the pension benefits are similar in all organizations. The duration of employment also determines the type of pension plan. A person typically needs to be associated for about 5-10 years with a company to be eligible for pension. .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54:active, .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uafff21615a7d173a3e7b7aa3ee0f8f54:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Technology Universities and CollegesThe Benefits packages and pension plans are wonderful for both the employer and the employee. While the employees feel taken care of, the employers have the assurance of being aware of the procedures in case of injuries, illness, and maternity leave. Another important but may be less sincere factor is the circumstances where an member of staff is not very contented with his profession, here the employer may have the assurance that the employee is more likely to stay till the time they become eligible for the pension benefits. This privilege of the employees has also been misused in corporate America. Some employers cunningly let go of members of staff weeks or months before they become eligible for the pension plan. This devious method of preventing somebody to have what should be rightfully theirs is very common in the corporate world. There is not much a person can do to prevent it from occurring. .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670:active, .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ubb4237b3ef90e8ad2655195248ab8670:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Why Opt for a Masters In Business AdministrationOne should always remember that the benefit plans are there to help in getting through the professional year. Due to the stress generated by the demanding job and the threatening deadlines, people are driven to work more than their health permits and suffer the consequences. Informative websites like have come about to help individuals be aware of their choices and their benefits. Visit it to learn more about your options. You may not be in a situation to organize everything, but you can surely decide on spending your time in the way you want to. Ensure that your present employer is offering you the benefits what should rightfully be yours. In any organization, everyone is not equal, but they sure have to work as a team to achieve any goal. Attempt to accomplish it. Related ArticlesChoosing a Good Health Care PlanHuman Resource Management Training10 Job Tips for New GradsBest Interview Questions to AskHow to Prepare for an InterviewReasons Why You Shoul Become a Teacher .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798:active, .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opac ity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u89b04b4d25c90fba4cb930a14a838798:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ How to Ace the Dreaded Phone Interview

The Indicators Used To Inform Observers about Improvements in Sustainability Free Essay Example, 2000 words

According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that together with a Sustainable Living Plan development, Unilever has set the targets that it is aiming to achieve and by what timeline. This information is absolutely transparent as the results (both success and failures) are published on the corporate website of the company. Some of the key indicators and metrics that the company is measuring the set targets include: % of raw materials coming from sustainable sources; The number of people whom the company helped to improve health and well-being through its brans: Signal, Lifebuoy, Pureit, and Dove; The number of beverages and foods that meet nationally recognized nutritional standards; The number of smallholder farmers whom the company helped and provided training; The number of Shakti women micro-entrepreneurs in India employed by the company. In addition to the above-listed indicators, Unilever is aimed to work on deforestation elimination, improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and improving food security, helping people gain access to proper sanitation, safe drinking water, and proper hygiene habits. Unilever faces a tough competition on behalf of the companies operating in the same sector and developing similarly innovative products. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indicators Used To Inform Observers about Improvements in Sustainability or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Moreover, P G has also been recognized in one of the same ethical processes rankings as Unilever. On the one hand, the competition of businesses on the sustainability background is a positive trend towards making planet greener and improving lives of people in the communities.

The Importance of Understanding Cultural Differences in...

Due to globalization, organizations rely on international transactions to take place to keep their business running. Even with knowledge of how important international interactions are for their companies’ success, miscommunication occurs and someone involved in the transaction is left scratching his or her head. This is a result of the lack of cultural training and understanding. This paper will discuss the different implications that have been discussed in the international business world. This paper will address some of the common barriers in international business communications, the steps that have been taken to alleviate these problems, and future consideration for international business communication. What are some common†¦show more content†¦However, it is uncommon for native English speakers to speak another language. It becomes two sided, where one supports having English be the leading language, while others strongly disagree. (find support) James Calvert Scott mentioned in his article â€Å"the English language is not a monolith but a surprisingly diverse family of related varieties, each of which has idiosyncrasies† (Scott, 2000). This is one of the core reasons as to why forming a completely universal and world known version of the English language is virtually unreachable. Scott goes on in his article to discuss some of the problems that businessmen and women experience when they conduct international business, primarily with British English speakers. The article focuses on comparing the phrases and words that are used in American English and British English that can cause confusion when used among the different types of people. Something as simple as the word â€Å"allocate† can be confused in a simple conversation. In American English, â€Å"allocate† means to spread costs among multiple cost centers or units, whereas in British English, â€Å"allocate† means to attribute all costs to one center or unit (Table 2; Scott, 2000). So if the term â€Å"allocate† is used in a simple transaction among British and American businesspersons, it needs to be madeShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Cross Cultural Communication And Understanding Cultural Differences1625 Words   |  7 Pages Cross-Culture Communication Competence in Global Business Celeste Aisien Lo COMS 2331 Dr. Richard Bello April 29th 2015â€Æ' Competence in cross-cultural communication and understanding cultural differences is becoming more crucial in today’s society. Technology is advancing in a rapid pace and is allowing more opportunities in migration therefore existing countries has never had so much to do with each other until today. 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Critically Evaluate How Far the Principle of ‘Pari Passu’ free essay sample

Vanessa Finch stated that ‘pari passu’ is ‘the normal rule in a corporate insolvency is that all creditors are treated on an equal footing ‘pari passu’- and share in insolvency assets pro rata according to their pre-insolvency entitlements or the sums they are owed. Security avoids the effects of pari passu distribution by creating rights that have priority over the claims of unsecured creditors. ’ To emphasize that, the statute itself confirms Finch’s ‘normal rule’, that all creditors of an insolvent company are to be treated ‘equally’. Basically, ‘there is a difference between treating people equal, with respect to one or another commodity or opportunity, and treating them as equals. ’ To illustrate that, the problem is that a rule based on formal equality does not take into account important differences between people, even thought those differences are relevant to any consideration of rule’s fairness. Generally, therefore, the determination of who are equals is not a concern of insolvency law. In Re Smith, Knight amp; Co Lord Romilly M. R. tated that ‘the Act of Parliament unquestionably says that everybody shall be paid ‘pari passu’, but that means everybody after the winding up has commenced. It does not mean that the court shall look into past transactions, and equalise all the creditors. ’ The general justification for the principle is its’ economical efficiency, in the sense that it reduces strategic costs and increases the aggregate pool of assets through the collectivity of dealings. Hence, it avoids the costs of dealing with claims on their individual merits. Indeed, Keay and Walton are of the view that the underlying aim behind the use of the equality principle is to produce fairness, so that every creditor is treated in the same way. Fairness, in the procedural and substantive senses, can also be said to be assured by the ‘pari passu’ principle as it prevents a race to enforce claims that is destined to be won by the strongest, wealthiest, and it also involves equality of treatment between unsecured creditors. In fact, it has been seen as a way of preventing an intra-class race to enforce claims and can therefore be described as bringing about equality of treatment between unsecured creditors. However, the application of the ‘pari passu’ principal is not absolute, nor does it achieve its aim with any degree of spectacular success as noted by the Cork Report.. The ‘pari passu’ principle is rather less important than it is sometimes made out to be, and does not fulfill any of the functions often attributed to it. For reasons of policy insolvency law provides certain deviations. The principle of ‘pari passu’ distribution of assets does not apply to the rights of secured creditors, suppliers of goods under agreements reserving the title or creditors for whom the company holds assets on trust. To bear this in mind, unsecured creditors usually receive little, by the of dividend also, it is argued that what the law disallows is not evasion of the ‘pari passu’ principle as such but rather attempts to by-pass the collective mechanism which an insolvency proceedings is designed to produce. Indeed, it is important to bear in mind impact of ‘pari passu’ principle in consideration. There are various types of arrangements, which are not considered to offend against this particular principle. These include ‘subordination agreements, provisions for acceleration of liability on winding-up, interests limited by reference to solvency†¦provision for termination on winding-up of interest annexed to membership status. ’ In Money Markets Ltd v London Stock Exchange Ltd Neurberger J. held that ‘it is not possible to discern a coherent rule to enable one to assess in any particular case whether such a provision falls foul of the principle.. and it is not entirely easy to reconcile the conclusions, and indeed the reasoning, in some of the cases. Thus, there are agreements which contravene the ‘pari passu’ principle, such as ‘provision for divestment of ownership on winding-up, vesting clauses in building contracts, direct payment in building contracts, provision for security or increased security on winding-up, sale with provision for retransfer on winding-up. ’ At this point, it is worth noting that modern insolvency law recognizes that some exceptions to the ‘pari passu’ rule are necessary and permits of exceptions. Also, F. Oditah explained that ‘pari passu’ principle ‘does not explain the obvious truth that insolvency law largely respects rights acquired prior to insolvency. During the course of exceptions, the first is a right of insolvency set-off, which is well-established principle of insolvency law ‘that where there are mutual debts existing between a creditor and an insolvent company, the smaller debt is to be set against the larger debt and only the balance is to be paid to the creditor out of the insolvency estate. ’ Set-off applies whenever there have been mutual credits, mutual debits or other mutual dealings, before the onset of liquidation, between the debtor and any of its creditors. So insolvency set-off responds to the principle of respecting legitimate expectations. In Forster v. Wilson Parke B. stated that ‘the aim of insolvency set-off is not to avoid circuity of action, the main consideration underlying set-off between solvent parties, but to do substantial justice between the parties. ’ In fact, the expenses properly incurred in the winding-up, including the remuneration of the liquidator, are payable out of the assets in priority to all other claims. The statute provides that creditors claims are to be treated as part of the expenses of liquidation are matters not of proof but of payment. This of course is to the advantage of creditors. In Re Levi amp; Co. Ltd it was explained that ‘it enables many post-liquidation creditors to be paid in full and, in certain circumstances, to receive payment in respect of pre-liquidation obligations. ’ The Cork Committee noted that ‘pari passu’ distribution of uncharged assets was in practice seldom, if ever, attained because, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the existence of preferential debts frustrated such distribution. Preferential unsecured creditors rank above other unsecured creditors as well as above creditors holding a floating charge. Since they are payable after winding-up expenses, pre-preferential creditors also rank above floating charges. In Re M. C. Bacon Ltd. (No. 2) Millett J. held that ‘such expenses did not include the cost incurred in proceedings initiated by the liquidator to set aside the floating charge as a transaction at an undervalue and a preference. ’ Indeed, various types of debt have been deferred by statute. These include debts owed by the insolvent to a director found liable for wrongful or fraudulent trading, and ordered to be deferred by the court. Moreover, claims held by the debtors shareholders or other members qua members also fall under this head. As the result, the claims of creditors able to assert set-off, utility companies, post-liquidation, pre-liquidation creditors with post-insolvency leverage, different types of preferential claims, claims of deferred creditors, all fall outside the purview of the ‘pari passu’ principle. These deviations from the ‘normal rule’ might be ‘something of a minor qualification’ to be equality norm. With respect, such assertions push the ‘pari passu’ principle to the force as currently the dominant method for distribution of insolvent estates. To emphasize above information, the principle of ‘pari passu’ that creditors should be treated equally, that the insolvent’s assets should be shared proportionately between them and their debts should abate and be paid in ‘equal steps’ is not fundamental, nor does it achieve spectacular success. Indeed, it is important to look to alternative approaches in order to achieve more satisfactory modes of distribution. Also, it is important to consider whether the current exceptions to ‘pari passu’ are in need of reform. According to Ho Swan, ‘saying the ‘pari pass’ principle is fundamental does not make it so.